Racialization of immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Racialization of immigration - Essay Example However, some sections seem more exaggerated, for instance, Jews’ hard work and education, which enabled them to assume the middle class or equal the whites. This is because the whites were constantly against any ethnic group, which seemed to equal them. Therefore, I disagree with her regarding lighter or mild segregation on some ethnic groups, for instance, the Jews. Immigrants belonged to a low class compared to whites where in attaining the same status, the few nonwhites (Jews) had to undergo a meticulous whiteness process. Therefore, this entailed first the then regime to put a sharp wedge between the Black Americans and Jews (Rothenberg 42). In addition, the Natives also ensured that the Jews adopted and emulated ideals that would differentiate them with other nonwhites. For illustration, masculine ideal besides working hard to secure a higher economic stability that was higher than that of African Americans, hence assume the middle class. This was via education, though segregation still acted as a blocking barrier against them (Hund 123). American’s segregation despite the nonwhites belonging to the same group of the darks, the then incumbent regime classified people according to their ethnics (Rothenberg 46). The African Americans assumed the lowest class in the society whereas the Jews and some Black elites the middle class. This also was evident in the division of labor where the blacks earned living via manual jobs besides being the recipient exploitation (Roediger 234). The white mainstream’s agenda was to acquire and maintain cheap labor especially in their well-established corporations and institutions (Hund 109). Consequently, this ensured division of labor and classes where the native whites would continue to enjoy top privileges contrary to the low classes (Rothenberg 47). Additionally, it was also a plan to deny nonwhites the chance of venturing into politics where they

Planning function of management for Boeing Essay Example for Free

Planning function of management for Boeing Essay The purpose of this paper is to explain the planning functions of management for the organization known as Boeing. Boeing is an aerospace company; they build passenger airplanes, military aircraft, satellites, and missiles. Boeings planning functions of management is influenced by internal and external factors. These factors such as the economy and competition directly influence the strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Boeing is the largest manufacturer of satellites, commercial jetliners, and military aircraft in the world. The company is also a global market leader in missile defense, human space flight, and launch services. Chicago-based Boeing has an extensive global reach with customers in 145 countries. Boeing operates under the strictest principles of corporate governance. With 152,091 employees, Boeing posted 2004 revenues of $52.45 Billion.(FCSR, 2008)The state of the economy is a huge external factor of how the Boeing organization operates both, strategically and tactically. In 2001, the economy was hit hard and along with many other companys Boeing was suffering financially. Boeing was saved when they were offered a contract with U.S. Air force worth $49.2 billion (Advantage Business Media, 2007). Boeing also teamed up with Saudi Arabia Airlines in 1995 (Boeing, 2001). Boeings competition is another external factor that influences the organization both tactically and strategically. The company known as Airbus is Boeings biggest competition. Airbus is the leading manufacturer of commercial jets (Yahoo, 2008). Recently Boeing has been having internal issues affecting their assembly line and has cause a shortage in production which in turn has been affecting deadlines. With Boeing experiencing problems clients have been turning to Airbus to fulfill their needs. Lockheed Martin is Boeings biggest competition in defense systems (Yahoo, 2008).Currently; Boeing and Lockheed Martin are working together on some projects to help meet the high demand. The government is another factor that influences how the organization operates. Regulations affect the amount of output that Boeing can manufacture. When Boeing designs a new plane, before Boeing can test fly them they must first obtain a certificate issued by the U.S. Government; The  U.S. Government has designed this system of requirements to insure that each new plane is safe before the plane is flown. There are many safety requirements that must be met before the plane is approved to be flown; these requirements are enforced by U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. These requirements affect the production of Boeings airplanes by causing a delay before the aircraft can be cleared for use. The planning function of management is affected by several legal issues. In 2005, a lawsuit was filed against Boeing. The lawsuit, filed in federal court in Kansas, alleges that Ducommuns Gardena plant made more than 1,900 defective parts used on at least 32 of Boeings airplanes, including 737s, 747s, 757s and 767s. The planes were delivered to the U.S. Air Force and Navy, as well as foreign military forces in Japan and Italy between March 1998 and November 2004. (Pae, 2005)The three employees who filed the lawsuit, were members of a Boeing audit team, contend that the parts did not conform to Federal Aviation Administration requirements. Boeing was aware of the problem but continued to sell the airplanes, falsely claiming that they were FAA approved, according to the lawsuit. The suit alleges that Ducommun kept two sets of books for manufacturing parts fake books for Boeing and the FAA and real books for itself. (Pae, 2005) Boeing is a company that is respected for cooperate social responsibility. Boeing has joined the Foundation for Corporate Social Responsibility, and is now entitled to display The Foundation for Corporate Social Responsibilitys Gold Seal of Approval as a Socially Responsible Company. (FCSR, 2008) The Foundation for Corporate Social Responsibility encourages corporations to be Socially Responsible, and to assist them in achieving commercial success in ways that respect ethical values, people in need, their communities and the environment. (FCSR, 2008)Boeing has a very strict code of ethics policy that is in place to protect both the corporations interest and the interest of its employees. Boeing employees are required to obey all aspects of the code of ethics set forth by the company. The code of ethics adopted complies with the standards set forth in the New York Stock Exchanges corporate governance rules. The Boeing Company will administer ethics and compliance programs to promote i ts commitment to integrity and values as set forth in the Boeing values and Code of Conduct and to ensure compliance with laws,  rules, and regulations. These programs will inform employees of company policies and procedures regarding ethical business conduct and help them to resolve questions and to report suspected violations. Managers are responsible for supporting implementation of ethics and business conduct programs, and monitoring compliance to the companys values and ethical business conduct guidelines through such programs. Managers are responsible for creating an open and honest environment in which employees feel comfortable in bringing issues forward. Retaliation against employees who raise genuine concerns will not be tolerated. (Boeing, 2008)All employees must sign and abide by the Boeing Code of Conduct, which requires that they understand the code, and ask questions, seek guidance, report suspected violations, and express concerns regarding compliance with this policy and the related procedures. (Boeing, 2008) To support the requirement for complete and accurate financial records and reporting, all employees of the Finance organization have an additional Code of Conduct for Finance. (Boeing, 2008)In Conclusion, There are several issues that can impact outcomes for management planning for the Boeing Company such as legal issues, ethical issues, and social responsibility, Along with factors can influence the companies planning operations both strategically, and tactically. The examples of these factors given in this paper are the economy, the government, and Boeings competitors such as Airbus. Even though Boeing has had its ups and downs from production problems to several legal issues Boeing has remained a globally known leader in their industry, respected for their cooperate social responsibility and known for their strong code of ethics. References Boeing. (2008). Ethics. Retrieved September 14, 2008, from http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/aboutus/ethics/Boeing. (2008, February). Retrieved September 14, 2008, from Foundation for Corporate Social Responsibility: http://www.fcsr.plPae, p. (May, 2005). Boeing sued by three workers. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2008, from http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/28/business/fi-ducommun28Vandore, E. (2008, January 17). Airbus, Boeing Swamped by Orders. Retrieved September 14, 2008, from San Francisco Chronicle: http://www.sfgate.comYahoo. (2008, March). The Boeing Company Profile. Retrieved September 14, 2008, from Yahoo: http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/10/10221.html

Family Health Assessment Case Study

Family Health Assessment Case Study Rubina Malik Family health assessment is important to learn about the individual’s family and life style. Being a nurse it is important for me to know various dynamics of individual’s behavior and values and his family heritage to form a better care plan for the family to maintain better health. Family health assessment gives caregivers a clear picture of an individual’s measures for his family wellbeing. The tool used for the family health assessment is Gordon’s Health Pattern Assessment. The health patterns assessment was designed by Marjory Gordon in 1987 and is used to provide a comprehensive nursing database. In this paper 11 aspects of human functions and health are discussed. The family selected for the interview is Riyami family, an African American family. The family consists of 5 members, Mr. Mrs. Riyami and their 3 sons. Mr. Riyami is 63 years old and is suffering with hypertension; Mrs. Riyami is 55 years old and is diabetic. Their sons do not have any hea lth issues and are of age 25, 20 and 19 years respectively. Questions were asked from the family to know the impact of each health pattern on their way of living a healthier life. Health perception and health management is based on individual’s personal health beliefs for health maintenance and protection (Koshar). Health is not only the absence of any sickness but it is more of a mental, physical and social wellbeing. The health perception of Riyami family is based on eating healthy as they believe that only physical fit body can stay safe from minor and major health issues. As Mr. Mrs. Riyami take their medication regularly and are very conscious about their health. They follow their health heritage norms to cure any minor illness i.e. use of herbal treatment and home remedies. Every person in their family takes herbal treatment for any common illness for example flu, headache, stomach gastric issues etc. they prefer visiting the physician for routine checkups and in case of any serious emergency. Their elder son drinks alcohol and smoke cigarette in social gatherings. They perform their religious obligations with full devotion. Nutrition and metabolism assessment mainly focus on the nutrition consumption according to the metabolic requirements of the body (Koshar). Nutrition consumption is very well balanced among the family members and intake of fluids to keep body hydrated is considered important for the family members. They consumption of fruits and vegetables is higher and prefer taking small quantity of sugar, sodium and carbohydrates in their diet. Herbal tea is taken in routine by the family. The family makes sure to take an appropriate amount of calories and also try to eat their traditional cuisine and less fast food items. Sleep and rest patterns are assessed to know the relaxation and rest practice of the individuals (Koshar). Mr. Riyami works in the morning shift and tries to be in bed around 10pm. As Mrs. Riyami is a registered nurse and works night shift, she takes adequate sleep in the day time and prefers to take more rest on her days off from work. Their sons prefer taking nap after they get back home from school and prefer not staying up late during their school. Whereas the elder one prefers sleeping early as he is a full time worker and has to work morning shift. Every member in their family takes approximate sleep according to their routine. Elimination is stated as the excretory pattern (Koshar). From the assessment no one in family seems to have issue with their excretory pattern. The family does not have any complain regarding their bowl movement or urination. Activity and Exercise is referred to the daily activities that involve energy, activities related to self-care, leisure activities and exercise/workouts (Koshar). Mr. Riyami was a soccer player and a soccer couch but he stopped practicing sports from 20 years, now he enjoys watching soccer game in his leisure time. Mrs. Riyami due to her busy schedule is not involved in any activity or exercise but she know the importance of having these activities to remain healthy. Mr. Mrs. Riyami go for a walk of 30-45 minutes daily. Their sons play soccer and believe that it gives them a good workout and fun altogether. Cognitive and sensory assessment is to assess the individual’s ability to understand and response towards any information and to sense that information appropriately. This assessment is done to know about the cognitive ability and capacity of the individuals (Koshar). Mr. and Mrs. Riyami are well educated; Mrs. Riyami just completed her RN-BSN degree with good grades and hence finds no problem in assessing or responding to any information. No cognitive disability was found in their family. Self-perception assessment focuses on person’s behavior and attitude toward self, which includes confidence, their identity and their physique (Koshar). The Riyami family does not have or face any issues regarding self esteem. They are happy and content with their lifestyle and believe that they are blessed by God and are loved by everyone around. Mr. Mrs. Riyami give the same teaching to their children and pray for them to be confident enough and not face any issue of self-worth. Role and Relationship pattern assess the individual’s relationship with others and the role they play in this world. Riyami family has a strong faith and family bond (Koshar). Mr. Mrs. Riyami share all the love and care and teach the same to their children. Mr. and Mrs. Riyami like to meet people and enjoy the company of their family and friends. They have a respectable status among their loved ones. Sexuality pattern assessment focuses on individual’s level of satisfaction of dissatisfaction of their sexuality and reproduction patterns (Koshar). Mr. Mrs. Riyami are satisfied with their sexual life. They share intimate moments and believe that love is what had made their relationship bond strong. They make sure they spend enough time together out of their busy routine. Coping and stress tolerance assessment is done to know individual’s strength to cope up with the stress and strategies used by him/her to overcome that stress (Koshar). Mr. Mrs. Riyami believe that all happiness and sorrow , worry and stress comes in life and to overcome that situation they only support and strength is given to an individual by the God. They share and communicate with one another in case any problem occurs and try to overcome the situation by mutual understanding and corporation. They pray to God at times of crisis and happiness. Their family, friends and prayers are part of their support system. The two nursing wellness diagnosis assessed from interviewing Riyami family are; nutritional-metabolic pattern and coping-stress tolerance pattern. Mr. Mrs. Riyami take their medications in time but sometimes due to work load and stress they skip their meal or do not take enough food as the body requirement. In case of Mrs. Riyami specially as she is diabetic and has to keep check on food and nutrition while she is at work, it becomes a difficult part for her. Mr. Riyami being hypertensive have to make sure that he avoid take any stress but often work load or any uncertain happening give him stress that makes him feel low. Their kids being young and enthusiastic do not have any health issue but they often become ignorant about their nutrition which is a point of worry for their parents as they don’t want their kids to face health issues like hypertension diabetes or any related medical problem. The Gordon’s health pattern assessment had been a great help for me while assessing the family. It truly is a great tool for nurses to analyze and assess their clients and families. I was able to learn about the family from different health perspectives which gave me a good experience of assessing different health patterns and their impact on a family’s health and functions. Reference Koshar, J. (n.d.). Gordons Functional Health Patterns. Retrieved from http://www.sonoma.edu/users/k/koshar/n340/N345_Gordon_FHP.html

The Duchess of Malfi - Character Summary :: English Literature

The Duchess of Malfi - Character Summary "The birds that live i' th' field On the wild benefit of nature, live Happier than we; for they may choose their mates, And carol their sweet pleasures to the spring." The Duchess of Malfi (3.5.18-21) The Duchess of Malfi: Character Summary A widow, the duchess rules her duchy alone. Lonely and in love, she secretly marries her steward Antonio. This is done in a hand-fast marriage witnessed by Cariola, the Duchess' hand-maiden. By choosing to marry Antonio in secret, the Duchess neglects her duty to her people. When she begins getting pregnant and giving birth, her people denounce her as a strumpet. They then lose their respect for their leader. The pilgrims in Act 4 (when the Duchess and her family are in Loreto at the religous shrine) are the only disinterested parties in the play. They are also the only disinterested commoners. back to top. "That's the greatest torture souls feel in hell, In hell: that they must live, and cannot die." The Duchess of Malfi (4.1.70-71) Women as Rulers Women rulers and the circumstances they deal with are very much unlike men rulers and their situations. The women must worry about society's propensities, their own feelings, and the welfare of their people. It is much more difficult to be a woman in power than to be a man in power. The choices women rulers make cannot be only for themselves, and one wrong decision can spell disaster. Interested in women's courtly power and influence? "A count! He's a mere stick of sugar-candy, You may look quite through him. When I choose A husband, I will marry for your honor." The Duchess of Malfi (3.1.43-45) The Real-life Duchess of Malfi: Queen Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I ruled over England alone. She never married, choosing to claim instead that she was married to her country. By doing this, Elizabeth retained her authority and she was not forgotten behind the name of a man. In spite of this, though, or perhaps because of it, she endeared herself to her people. The Duchess, choosing love, chooses her downfall. The Queen Elizabeth, choosing duty (her throne), chooses the path to immortality. "I am acquainted with sad misery, As the tanned galley-slave is with his oar. Necessity makes me suffer constantly, And custom makes it easy." The Duchess of Malfi (4.2.27-30) The Duchess and Ferdinand Incest, as a motive, was used extensively in various Elizabethan /Jacobean plays including Hamlet, A King & No King, and 'Tis Pity She's a Whore. Incest is merely implied in The Duchess of Malfi because the queer nature of the play does not allow it to become an absolute.

Financial Reporting HSBC Bank Essay

HSBC bank is a branch of HSBC Holdings plc and has its headquarters based in London. The bank provides a wide range of financial products and services to individuals, governments, non-governmental organizations and companies. It provides banking products and services in the domestic as well as the international market (Gianaris, 2001). HSBC group of banks is one of the organizations of its kind that offers the largest banking and financial services all over the world. The company has 8,500 offices in 86 countries and territories in Europe, Hong Kong, Asia, Middle East, North America and Latin America. The company has been listed in the stock exchange markets of London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris, and Bermuda (Jao, 2001). The company has about 220,000 shareholders in 119 countries and territories. The company provides a wide range of products to its over one hundred million customers. The company has four categories of customer groups and businesses: Personal Financial Services, Commercial Banking, Global Banking and Markets and private Banking (Gardener & Versluijs, 2001). Financial reporting is the process of compiling the formal records of the financial activities of an organization or an individual. It involves preparing the financial statements of a company. The organization aims at finding out its financial position in the short run or in the long run period. The HSBC bank prepares its financial reports according to the generally accepted accounting principles of Canada (Mcmenamin, 1999). Financial Reporting History The company prepares financial reports annually, semi-annually and quarterly. The company files interim reports after every three or six months, that is, semi annual and quarterly financial reports. These reports reveal the financial performance of the company for the stipulated period of time (Das, 2004). The companies linked with HSBC bank are required to prepare semi-annual reports. On the other hand, quarterly reports are not compulsory for all countries. Regulations regarding the format of interim reports differ in each country. The interim reports may be short or long depending with the country. The date for filing the interim reports also vary with the different countries (Pietrobelli, Ffrench-Davis, Zamagni, & Ocampo, 2000). The history of preparing interim reports by the bank can be traced back to the mid-year of 2002. The quarterly reports started being in operation with the first quarter of year 2003. The financial reports are essential to the researchers and that is why the company requires adequate filing of all financial statements of the bank (Mcmenamin, 1999). The company maintains timely preparation of its financial reports. It uses web crawler technology to track and update the financial records. The system of preparing financial reports is very functional since it uses PDF format. This computer program allows the documents to be searched easily and can be copied into other documents more easily. The size of the PDF documents allows them to be downloaded more easily. The financial reports are presented in full-color native PDF for ease in reading them. The interim reports are easily obtained through the Global Reports Library on Research and Markets (Pietrobelli, Ffrench-Davis, Zamagni, & Ocampo, 2000). The accounting policies of the HSBC bank comply with the International Financial Reporting Standards. The interim consolidated financial statements are prepared according to IAS 34, according to International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the European Union (EU) (Das, 2004). The bank has abandoned the IAS 32 since March 2009 since this standard required the bank to offer its shareholders rights so that they could be identified as derivative financial liability. This was done to ensure that the reports presented position of the bank as being true and fair, also, to ensure that the reports give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss of the company (Jao, 2001). The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) endorsed by the IASB may differ with those endorsed by the EU. But recently there have been no amendments on the standards endorsed by IFRS and those endorsed by the EU. The IFRSs make up the standards provided by IASB and the interpretations provided by International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC). The interim consolidated financial statements must include comparative information. This is a requirement by the IAS 34, UK Disclosure and Transparency Rules and the Hong Kong listing rules (Gianaris, 2001). Estimates and assumptions about the future state of financial affairs are used when preparing financial information. The estimates are prepared from the information available as well as use of judgment of the people preparing them. However, the real results might be different from the estimates in the future (Pietrobelli, Ffrench-Davis, Zamagni, & Ocampo, 2000). The interim consolidated financial statements of the bank consolidate the financial statements of HSBC Holdings and its subsidiaries. The company adopts the revised and amended standards of IASB and endorsed by the EU. The application of the revised standards is done as per the acquisition date of the business or after the beginning of the first annual financial period of the year (Pietrobelli, Ffrench-Davis, Zamagni, & Ocampo, 2000). Accounting Policies Interest income and expense- This refers to all financial instruments except for those classified as held for trading or designated at fair value in the income statement using the effective interest method. Through the effective interest method, the financial liability is calculated and interest income is allocated over the relevant period (Gianaris, 2001). Non-interest income- This comprises the Net trading income which is composed of all gains and losses from changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities held for trading as well as the related interest income, expense and dividends. Net income from financial instruments designated at fair value and dividend income also comprises the non interest income (Jao, 2001). Segment reporting- The HSBC holdings conduct its businesses in several countries and offer a wide range of consumer products. Segment income and expenses must be transferred accordingly. Gains and losses for each segment must be accounted for separately so as to achieve the profitability of each (Das, 2004). Determination of fair value. Fair value of financial liabilities is determined using the quoted market prices where available or using valuation techniques. The fair values include assessment of market participant concerning the appropriate credit spread to apply to the liabilities of the company (Gianaris, 2001). Loans and advances to banks and customers- These include loans and advances initiated by HSBC which are not grouped as either held for trading or designated at fair value. Loans and advances are recognized when cash is advanced to borrowers (Gardener, & Versluijs, 2001). Impairment of loans and advances. Losses for impaired loans are recognized when there is objective evidence that the loans have been impaired. Impaired loans are recorded as charges to the income statement. Losses expected from future events are not recognized (Jao, 2001). Corporate Governance Analysis The bank has established commitments to maintain high standards of corporate governance. Over the last financial year, the bank has maintained compliance with the Combined Code on Corporate Governance released by the Financial Reporting Council. It has also complied with the Code on Corporate Governance Practices in Appendix 14 to the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (Pietrobelli, Ffrench-Davis, Zamagni, & Ocampo, 2000). The management of HSBC bank has appointed several committees to deal with several corporate activities of the bank. The board committees consist of directors, group managing directors and co-opted non-director members. The principal committees are Group Management Board, Group Audit Committee, Remuneration Committee, Nomination Committee and Corporate Sustainability Committee (Das, 2004). The directors have the duty to conduct internal control within the bank. They also review how effective the internal control system is operating. Controls have been designed to safeguard assets from unauthorized use and disposal. These controls ensure that proper financial accounts are maintained and that the financial information contained in the records is reliable. The system of internal control is designed to prevent frauds, errors, material misstatement or losses in the business. The system also ensures compliance with rules set up by the Financial Services Authority, which is the body which regulates the activities of HSBC (Jao, 2001). There are corporate policies to safeguard the bank against operational and Reputational risks. The bank has set up procedures to ensure that the risks are minimized. These risks are concerned with the issues relating to the environment, social and governance activities. The bank follows guidelines provided by the Association of British insurers concerning the best response to the issues affecting the company and its stakeholders (Das, 2004). The company aims at managing the risks associated with the health and safety standards of its operations. The bank is responsible to get rid of risks concerning fire, injury and accidents that may affect its workers and visitors. Group Corporate Real Estate sets up the rules concerning health and safety of the company. The implementation of these policies is done by Health, Safety and Fire Coordinators who are located in every country the bank operates. The bank has remained prepared to protecting its employees from terrorists. There are security review functions which have been set up to assist manage health and safety of the staff, assets and buildings of the company (Gianaris, 2001). The bank maintains a good communication network with its stakeholders. Individual and institutional customers are regularly informed about the operations of the bank. Timely response to the customer needs is given a priority to ensure good relationship is maintained. Annual general meetings are held to ensure that all stakeholders are informed of all activities of the bank over a given period of time (Gardener, & Versluijs, 2001). Conclusion The general organization of HSBC company stands no doubt that it will remain successful in the future. The corporate governance ensures that the mission and vision of the company are achieved. The accounting policies of the bank are in compliance with the international standards. The accounting policies ensure that the accounting procedures are carried out in a professional manner. The company has performed well in the market and if it continues with these strategies it will achieve much. References Mcmenamin, J, 1999, Financial Management: An Introduction. Routledge. London. Pietrobelli, C, Ffrench-Davis, R, Zamagni, S, & Ocampo, J, A, 2000, Financial Globalization and the Emerging Economies, United Nations. Santiago. Jao, C, Y, 2001, The Asian Financial Crisis and the Ordeal of Hong Kong. Quorum Books. Westport, CT. Das, D, K. 2004, Financial Globalization and the Emerging Market Economies. Routledge. New York. Gianaris, N, V, 2001, Globalization: A Financial Approach. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT. Gardener, E, P, M, & Versluijs, P, C, 2001, Bank Strategies and Challenges in the New Europe. Palgrave. New York.

Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives

Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives Introduction Leadership is an essential aspect for the success of any organization in the world. This concept has been in existence for thousands of years. All through the history of humanity, we have read about great leaders, the influence they had on people and the success that has was accrued from their leadership. In modern history, the concept of leadership has been integrated in the management of various firms and organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These firms have discovered that strong leadership is an essential factor to their success. As a result, organizations have been looking for individuals with desired leadership skills to lead their organizations (Rowe, 2007). Leadership is therefore the process through which an individual gathers and earns support of others through social enlistment so that they can work t ogether to attain certain goals and objectives that have been set (Stogdill, 1989). The achievement of these goals and objectives ensures that the organization becomes cohesive and coherent. As a result, it will be much easier for the organization to achieve its long-term mission, vision, goals and objectives. However, for an organization to achieve all these, it must have a good leader with desirable leadership qualities. This is due to the fact that it is the leader who initiates directs and controls the growth and development of an organization. Therefore, the success of an organization depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of the leader. To inspire his/her followers, the leader has to be, know and do certain things that will enable his followers to work together as a team to achieve the specific goals and objectives of the organization. This can only be acquired through experience and study. With respect to all this, the question as to whether leadership is a transformatio nal process or a form of control always arises. Although they may seem similar in theory, their concept and application is very different.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To understand these concepts, this paper will critically analyze leadership, its requirements, roles and objectives. The discussions and conclusions that will be made shall be used to determine whether leadership is a transformational process or a form of control. The Process of Leadership The process of leadership is applied by putting into practice the knowledge and skills that the leaders have learned through time. This is what is called the process of leadership (Northouse, 2007). It has been disputed for a long time that leadership is an inborn character. However, from the studies that have been conducted, it has been proved that leadership is a quality that can be leaned through practice and experience. However, for an individual to be a leader, he/she has to posses traits and qualities that influence his/her thoughts or actions. This is what scholars refer to as the trait of leadership (Jago, 1982). These include the beliefs, values, cultures and ethics of an individual. These factors affect the manner in which an individual looks at a situation, the judgement that they will make out of it and the possible solutions that they may come up with. With regards to this, there are factors that contribute to the growth and development of strong leadership qualities in an individual. These include personal values, followers support, communication and situational analysis. A leader must contain strong personal values. These values are essential since they portray the kind of leader an individual is, the relationship he has with his colleagues and other stakeholders, his ability to work and achieve the goals and objectives of an organization and the chances of him/her being suc cessful in his career. A leader therefore must have a strong personality, be able to interact with people and be rational. At the same time, a leader must earn the trust and support of his followers. To be a successful leader, one needs to understand the needs and requirements of all his employees, act as a mentor, motivate and reward hard working employees, be honest and fair. In addition, a leader needs to ensure that his employees have a conducive working environment. This increases the chances of them achieving the goals and objectives of the organization (Lamb and McKee, 2004). All these factors will ensure that a leader has the trust and support of his employees. This will guarantee the success of an individual as a leader (Mischel, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communication is an essential aspect for the success of a n organization and an individual as a leader. It is the role of the leader to ensure that his organization has proper channels for communication. To achieve this, a leader has to ensure that information flows in all directions. This ensures that information flows through all the levels of the organization without being distorted. At the same time, the leader will be able to know the requirements and needs of his employees. This will therefore boost the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization and the leader in particular. Finally, a leader must be able to critically analyze each situation and come up with favourable solutions to them. To achieve this, the leader should treat each situation differently. He/she must have good judgement and analysis skills. This will assist in the identification of the problem and formulation of long lasting solutions (Newstrom and Davis, 2003). At the same time, a leader needs to be consistent in the manner in which he/she looks at situations. This will ensure that there is uniformity in the manner in which he/she conducts his activities. As such, the organization will grow and develop in a definite manner (Bass, 2010). All these factors are essential in the making or identification of a good leader. These factors are very essential in any organization. It is the goal and objectives of all the organizations to achieve their goals and objectives. To achieve this, they need to develop, grow and expand their services. This objective can only be realised by having a good leader with desired qualities. Therefore, it is the role of the leader to transform an organization so that it can realize its goals and objectives. There is a factor in any complex system that has the power and authority to control the entire system. Usually, this factor is manpower. Over time, man has had the opportunity to influence many systems in the world. In this day and age, man still has the same influence over many systems and subjects. This rule i s referred to as the Ashby rule of requisite variety (Bateson, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To put this theory into practice, authority in an aeroplane is under the pilot, in a car is the driver and in organizations, it is the management. This law therefore shows that in every system, there has to be an individual who runs and controls how a system works and operates. This individual is the leader and is responsible for leading a system in a desired direction. The nature of leadership is has been changing drastically with time. Leadership has been in existence for many centuries. To carter for the changing needs of individuals, organizations and societies, leadership models have been transformed. As a result, the leadership models that were in practice several decades ago have become outdated hence cannot produce the desired results in the modern day societies. Due to this fact, several studies have been conducted to come up with means of developing individuals with leadership qualities to meet the demand for leaders in the modern world. This concept has gained a lot of po pularity after the assumption that leadership is an inborn quality was found not to be true (Burns, 2009). The assumption that leadership is an inborn quality made it difficult to select individuals who have the desired qualities to run various organizations. This is because, different organizations have different goals and objectives and as a result, they require individuals who posses different qualities to run and manage them. Due to this fact, researchers concentrated on developing individuals who contained specific qualities that are required to lead in a given situation (Liontos, 2010). This therefore ensured that organizations will be run effectively and efficiently and thus, they will be able to achieve their goals and objectives. However, organizations are dynamic in nature and the situations tend to change. This therefore means that a new leader has to be put in place because of the change in the situation. To solve this problem, scholars and researchers came up with a con cept that made leaders to be flexible in the work and operation. To achieve this, leaders must contain a mix of desired characteristics and qualities that will enable them to work under any situation and in any environment. A given organization is composed of several employees who work to attain the goals and objectives of the organization that they are a part of. They work at the different levels and departments of the organization. To ensure that they operate efficiently, they require an individual who will oversee their actions and ensure that all their activities and operations lead to the achievement of the goals and objective of the organization. John Adair, a researcher in the field of management stated that the needs of the followers are the main reasons behind the essence of leadership (Adair, 1989). Due to the needs of the employees, coupled with the overall goals and objectives of an organization, it is essential to have an individual in place who will brief, plan, contro l, monitor and evaluate the performance of an organization (Adair, 1989). It is the role of this individual to produce a specific outcome within a specified time period. Leadership is therefore essential in the administration and management of any organization (Reisner, 2002). For efficiency, the leadership process is operational at various levels of an organization depending on its structure and human system. On one extreme end, there is strategic leadership that requires the attainment of the vision, mission and objectives of an organization (Rodman, 2006). Here, high quality leadership is required to achieve the specific outcomes of the organization. The leader thus works hard together with his staff to bring the mission and vision of the organization into reality. The leader should therefore focus on creating a working culture that will enable his employees to work together. This will ensure that there are smooth operations of activities within organization. To achieve this, a l eader needs to coordinate the available human effort that is at his disposal to achieve the specific goals and outcomes. He/she should therefore work on maximizing on the strengths of the organization and improving on its weaknesses (Evetts, 2000). Simple leadership models are thus the most effective tools for achieving these objectives. The style of leadership that an individual employs is also essential in ensuring that an organization achieve its goals and objectives. There has been a lot of debate in determining which leadership style is the most suitable for running organization. During the 1960s, Americans came up with a strategy that efficiently analysed the effectiveness of leadership styles (Kanter, 2006). This strategy used the relationship between task and behaviour. According to the strategy, the most efficient leadership style is the one that has a moderation of task and behaviour. This style ensures that the operations and activities of an organization are sustainable in the short-run and in the long run. Another method that was used to determine the efficiency of a leadership style focused on the communication patterns that are present in an organization. Different organizations have different communication patterns. Autocratic, one-way, laissez-faire and multi-faceted are some of communication systems that an organization can adopt. According to this method, an organization with the most efficient leadership style has to have a communication system that allows free flow of information among all the members of staff and embraces democracy. The last method is referred to as the expectation method. According to this method, managers normally contain some expectations from the people whom they lead. In the first theory, managers believe that their employees are not hard working. Due to this fact, they require close monitoring, control and punishment as motivational factors. The other theory states that each individual employee has the potential of performing well. To reach their greatness, they require coaching, training, education and empowerment (Jovanovic, 2011). In practice, both theories are true. It is therefore the role of the leader to determine what type of followers he has so that he can decide on the most effective leadership style that he will use to run the organization. Over the years, there has been a great confusion between leadership and management (Kurtz, 2011). People have been using these terms interchangeably since they do not understand the difference that lies between them. From practice, it is evident that there is a huge relationship between leadership and management. Scholars normally refer to leaders as individuals who show a mix of characters that inspire and emotionally build their followers (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). Managers on the other hand are defined as individuals who obey rules and follow procedures and regulations to achieve set targets or goals while operating systems and exercising cont rol over their subjects (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). At higher levels of an organization, the concept of leadership and management are normally interrelated. This might be the cause of the confusion where people normally confuse these two terms. To differentiate them, management normally focuses on the process of organising, planning and controlling activities of an organization while leadership concentrates on instilling direction, emotional alignment, change and motivation in an organization (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). As a result, leadership is the process that maintains the viability of an organization by ensuring that it is on the track of achieving its short-term and long-term goals and objectives. In addition, proper leadership is a key factor that guarantees the sustainability of an organization in the short-term and long-term. It is therefore a dynamic process that aims at brining change in an organization through transformation so that it can grow and become viable. Leadershi p is therefore the process that influences the followers by guiding and motivating them. To fully explore on this idea, the impact of leadership on followers has been divided into three levels (Kurtz, 2011). The lowest level of leadership is purely professional. Here individuals perform their professional roles individually or as a team. Emotional involvement at this level is minimal as the only relationship that individuals have is that of working as a team. Due to this fact, this level can be said to be purely managerial as it entails the co-ordination of the efforts of an individual with that of his other team members to achieve the goals and objectives of an organization. At this level, the desired ability of an individual can be achieved through education and training. Effective leadership falls at the second level of the hierarchy. This level is much more emotional as compared to the first one. Ability at this level is not learned or trained but rather it is developed through exposure and examination of various leadership models that improve on individual processes and applications. The last level is that of a visionary leader. Here, the leadership process is entirely emotional and entails virtues and qualities such as honesty, trust and discipline. Leadership at this level aims at developing great performance of the followers rather than transforming their hidden abilities. This aims at producing, leading and guiding a group of focused, industrious and talented followers to achieve the set goals and objectives of an organization. Leadership is therefore a transformational process when applied in its most effective way. There is a close link between change and leadership. This link has developed due to the dynamic world that organizations operate in. The needs and requirements of any organization keep on changing with time. These changes normally come about due to shifts in demand and requirements of an organization. To ensure that an organization remain on the track of achieving its long-term goals and objectives, strong leadership is required to ensure that the organization embraces this change and transforms its activities and operations to take advantage of the situation at hand. Leaders therefore need to act as role models, motivate, inspire and gain the support and trust of their followers in order for them to be successful in achieving the goals and objectives of an organization. From this discussion, leadership has been proven to be a transformational process rather than a form of control. Conclusion From the above discussions, due to its nature, leadership has been proven to be a transformational process rather than a form of control. This is because it aims at offering direction, inspiration and motivation to followers. This maximizes their performance hence making it easier for an organization to achieve its vision, mission, goals and objectives. With this realization, organizations have worked hard to ensure that they e mploy leadership styles that will guarantee the achievement of their short terms and long terms goals and objectives. Leadership is also essential as it is used to embrace change within an organization. During the process of change, strong leadership is essential since it leads to the empowerment of the employees and the business as a whole to keep up with the changes that are taking place in the business environment. Changes that can take place in an organization may include missionary changes, operational changes, strategic changes, technological changes and changes in the attitude and perceptions of the employees. Control on the other hand falls under the managerial umbrella that concentrates on organization, planning and control of an organization. It is the role of managers to ensure that employees work according to the standards and requirements of the organization to meet the goals and objectives of the organization. To achieve this, they work within strict rules and guidelin es. Therefore, leadership is ultimately a transformational process. References Adair, J. (1989) Great Leaders. Talbort: Adiar Press Bass, B. 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